写作方法与文章大意
   这是一篇论述“宗教改革后的欧洲形势”的文章。（16世纪欧洲的情况）。作者从三方面论及其分裂的原由，欧洲在宗教改革后的信仰分裂，造成新旧教势不两立的局面，地理位置和金钱两个因素加剧了分裂的局面。

答案祥解
1. D. 16世纪欧洲分裂的因素。上面文章大意中作者是从三方面论及其分裂。见难句译注1和第三段第一句：“这些情感，本身就危险，再加上地理和金钱两个问题，情况就更加不妙了。”
A. 欧洲史。  B. 欧洲宗教史。这两项涉及面更广。     C. 宗教改革对16世纪欧洲的影响。和标题有些接近。但第三段却是和宗教无关的两个因素。
2. C. 在改革前，罗马教皇是欧洲真正的帝王。这在第一段中有明确的叙述“一千多年来，欧洲人们虽然在许多事情彼此斗争过，可是在信仰上团结一致，都信只有一个神圣的天主教和罗马教皇的教会。那里的罗马大主教，称为教皇，是继承圣?彼德之后有形的公认领袖。可是，1517年德国僧侣，马丁?路德向某些天主教教义提出挑衅，拒绝服从罗马教皇，其他追随他，其中包括亨利八世（英王）”。
A. 在改革前，罗马教皇在宗教上具有至高无上的权利。似乎很有道理。实际上，教皇虽是宗教领袖，管的事情远远超出宗教范畴。这在最后一段倒数第二句话可见一般。结合第三题谈。   B. 教皇在宗教之外的许多事情有着最高的权利。是明显不对的。    D. 教皇是那时欧洲的真正统治者。Then 一词可以指改革前后。
3. A. 这种分割不可能长期得到尊重。最后一段的最后两句话“1494年，哥伦布首次远航美洲后的两年，教皇亚历山大六世就把这块大洋彼岸未曾勘探的世界分给西班牙和葡萄牙作为对他们业绩的褒奖（赏赐）和制止他们彼此开仗。其它国家只要他们依然信仰天主教，他们就会尊重这个瓜分。”as long as 是一个条件。一旦这个条件不存在，那就不会再尊重。另一方面也说明教皇不仅管宗教，见第2题A注释，因此并不正确。
B. 不会面临挑战。     C. 永远得到尊重。     D. 教皇权力永不衰退。
4. B. 地质学。其他三项：
A. 钱。     C. 宗教。       D. 地理位置。都提到。

           Passage Thirty-two (The Young Generation)
   Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
   The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?
   These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?

1. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?
[A]. Better educated.             [B]. More money and freedom.
[C]. Independence.               [D]. Hard work.
2. What so the young reject most?
[A]. Values.                    [B]. The assumption of the elders.
[C]. Conformity.                [C]. Conventional ideas.
3. Why do the young stress on the present?
[A]. They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.
[B]. They dislike the past.
[C]. They think the present world is the best.
[D]. They are afraid of destruction.
4. What can the old learn from the young generation?
[A]. Enjoyment is not sinful.               [B]. People should have more leisure time.
[C]. Men might enjoy life.                 [D]. One should enjoy one’s work.

Vocabulary
1. reminder                       使共回想起某事的东西，提示者
2. complacency                    自鸣得意，自满情结
3. take leave                       擅自，任意，随意
           I took leave to consider this matter settled.   请原谅我认为这事已经解决了。
4. conformity                      与……一致，遵从
5. guilt                           有罪，内疚
6. ridden                         （ride 的过去分词）受……支配的，受……压迫
7. guilt-ridden                     负罪感
8. amass                          积累，积聚
9. a rat-race                       激烈的竞争
10. shrug off                        对……耸肩表示不屑一理，轻视，摆脱
11. spotless                        无污点的，纯洁的
12. shed                           摆脱，抛弃
13. annihilate                       歼灭
14. bequeath                        赠送，把……传给后代